The term used for the series of three comparative studies of <a href="search.pl?p=extrapolation">extrapolation</a> methods organized by Spyros Makridakis, starting with the 1,001 time-series competition in Makridakis et al. (1982) and including Makridakis et al. (1993) and Makridakis and Hibon (2000). In each study, a number of different experts prepared extrapolations for <a href="search.pl?p=holdout data">holdout data</a>. 
 The accuracies of the various methods were then compared by the study’s lead 
 author. Raw data and information about these competitions can be found on the
 <a href="../../researchers.html">Researchers</a> and
 <a href="../../practitioners.html">Practitioners</a> pages of this site.</P>
 <ul>
   <li>Makridakis, S., A. Andersen, R. Carbone, R. Fildes, M. 
Hibon, R. Lewandowski, J. Newton, E. Parzen &amp; R. Winkler (1982), “The 
accuracy of extrapolation (time-series) methods: Results of a forecasting 
competition,” <I>Journal of Forecasting, </I>1, 111-153.</li>
   <li>Makridakis, S., C. Chatfield, M. Hibon, M. Lawrence, T. 
Mills, K. Ord &amp; L. F. Simmons (1993), “The M2-Competition: A real-time 
judgmentally based forecasting study,” <I>International Journal of 
Forecasting</I>, 9, 5-22.</li>
   <li>Makridakis, S. &amp; M. Hibon (2000), “The 
M3-Competition: Results, conclusions and implications,” <I>International Journal 
of Forecasting,</I> 16, 451-476.</li>
 </ul>